In today’s India, wealth is no longer just inherited; it is created. From ambitious startup founders to legacy business families, more Indians are joining the ranks of high net worth individuals (HNIs) than ever before.
According to a report, India’s HNI population is projected to double from 8,50,000 to 1.65 million by 2027.
But what does it actually mean to be an HNI in India? Let us understand the HNI meaning, how they manage their wealth, and the risks and challenges they face.
Who is a HNI?
HNI full form and HNWI full form are the same. They both stand for high net worth individuals.
HNI is an individual with a considerable net worth. While the exact threshold may vary, an HNI in India is typically defined as someone with investable assets exceeding ₹5 crore. These individuals are usually entrepreneurs, business owners, corporate executives, successful professionals, or inheritors of substantial wealth.
HNIs demand personalised services in investment and estate planning, tax planning, and other financial areas, which is why they work with financial advisors, private banks, and wealth management firms.
Types of HNIs in India
High net worth individuals in India are typically segmented into categories based on the size of their investable assets:
| Type | Investable Assets |
| HNI (High Net Worth Individual) | Up to ₹5 crore |
| VHNWI (Very High Net Worth Individual) | ₹5 crore – ₹25 crore |
| UHNWI (Ultra High Net Worth Individual) | ₹25 crore and above |
How do HNIs Manage Wealth?
HNIs employ a diverse range of strategies to manage their wealth, encompassing investment management, tax planning, and estate planning.
- Investment management plays a central role in the wealth management of HNIs. They collaborate with wealth managers or investment advisors to devise and execute investment strategies that align with their financial goals and risk tolerance. HNIs often access specialised investment opportunities, such as hedge funds, private equity, and venture capital, which offer higher returns but entail greater risks.
- Tax planning constitutes another significant aspect of wealth management for HNIs. They engage tax professionals to minimise tax liabilities by capitalising on deductions, credits, and other strategies. This may involve establishing trusts or other tax-efficient structures to transfer wealth to future generations.
- Estate planning holds equal importance in HNIs’ wealth management. They work with estate planning attorneys to develop strategies for tax-efficient wealth transfer to future generations, while ensuring adherence to their wishes for asset distribution.
Investment Options for HNIs in India
With a large portion of investable amounts, HNIs have diverse investment options. The following are popular investment options available for HNIs:
- Private Equity: Investing in private, unlisted companies with high growth potential. Offers high returns but comes with high risk and longer lock-in periods.
- Hedge Funds: Hedge funds employ various strategies for generating investor returns. Typically available to accredited investors due to their risk and high minimum investment requirements.
- Real Estate: HNIs can invest directly in properties or indirectly through real estate investment trusts (REITs) or real estate funds. Real estate investments offer potential capital appreciation and rental income.
- Venture Capital: Investments in startup companies in exchange for ownership. While it is a high-risk option, venture capital can potentially yield significant returns.
- PMS: Portfolio Management Services (PMS) offers customised solutions managed by professional portfolio managers. PMS aims to generate returns that exceed the market’s, tailored to individual parameters such as risk appetite, return expectations, investment objectives, and time horizons.
- Unlisted Shares: Unlisted shares (pre-IPO stocks) are stocks that can be bought and sold over the counter. These do not trade on the stock exchange. Investing in unlisted shares allows early access to innovative organisations focused on technology and unique business concepts.
Risks and Challenges Faced by HNI Investors
Despite the wide range of investment options available to HNIs, the following are risks and challenges faced by HNI investors:
- Market Risk: HNIs face volatility and potential losses due to investments in financial products, such as hedge funds, structured products, and private equity funds, which are influenced by market fluctuations.
- Liquidity Risk: Illiquid alternative investments such as private equity and real estate can pose challenges when HNIs need to access their funds quickly.
- Concentration Risk: HNIs with a significant portion of their wealth concentrated in a single asset or investment face potential risks from poor performance or unexpected events.
- Operational Risk: HNIs are susceptible to operational risks, including fraud or theft, which can result in substantial financial losses.
- Complexity: The complexity of investment options available to HNIs makes it challenging to accurately assess risks and potential returns.
Conclusion
Being an HNI in India isn’t just about having money; it’s about figuring out how to manage it. With investable assets exceeding ₹5 crore, these individuals are involved in much more than just selecting mutual funds. They need to plan for taxes, investments, and estates.
They can invest in various complex instruments, such as hedge funds, private equity, real estate, and startup funding. This diversification, while offering potential benefits, also presents risks and complexities that necessitate careful consideration and strategic planning.
Thus, being an HNI means more money, sure, but also more responsibility, more risk, and a constant need to stay ahead.
FAQs
In India, an individual is usually considered an HNI if they have investable assets of over ₹5 crore.
HNIs have potential access to special investment options, personalised financial services, and lower fees. Regular investors typically use standard products, such as mutual funds and fixed deposits.
HNIs have access to various investment options, including private equity, hedge funds, real estate, unlisted/pre-IPO shares, PMS, and venture capital, among others.